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language:
As a direct result of the strong influence of the Indian caste
system on Javanese life, their language is known as the most intricate
linguistic device ever devised to show social rank. Many Javanese
in fact prefer to speak Bahasa Indonesia because then they won't
have to speak up or down to people. Because its population is
the densest of all the islands, people are organized into a tighter
heirarchy on Java. There are high, middle and low levels for speaking
to your inferior, your equal and to your superior. There are also
separate languages for the gods and for ritual feasts, an ancient
poetic language, a classical Old Javanese, and special formal
vocabularies for the royal court.
This
means that a sultan always has to use the low language and the
servants the high language when talking to each other. Village
school teachers address pupils in ngoko and the pupils answer
back in kromo. Their language also shows the Javanese to have
an obsession with politeness. You never ask a tailor outright
'How much?' but instead 'What will it be in exchange for the thread?'.
For your wife you say 'friend in the back of the house.' Two different
speech tones, a/us (polite) and kasar (crude) are used. One is
very soft, slow, tender, the other hard, loud, rough, rapid. In
wayang performances you can easily hear the difference between
the good guys and the bad guys, the well-bred knight and the uncouth
giant.
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